Four Crucial Wi-Fi Security Protocols You Should Know

In the digital age, Wi-Fi security protocols play a crucial role as the guardians of the online world, protecting our privacy and data from unauthorized access and eavesdropping. WEP, WPA, WPA2, and the latest WPA3 are terms that frequently appear in our daily use of Wi-Fi, but what are the differences between them? In this era of information overload, understanding these distinctions is essential. This article will dive deep into the differences among these four Wi-Fi security protocols, helping you better understand and safeguard your network security.

WPA

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) was introduced to address the severe security vulnerabilities found in WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). It is the foundation of modern WiFi security. WEP was one of the earliest encryption standards for Wi-Fi networks, but its use of static keys and vulnerable encryption algorithms made network data easy to intercept and tamper with. WPA filled the security gaps of WEP and provided more reliable protection for wireless networks.

One of the most significant improvements in WPA was the introduction of several new security features to strengthen wireless network protection. These features include:

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP): WPA uses TKIP to generate a new key for each transmitted data packet. Unlike WEP, which relies on a static key, TKIP changes keys regularly, reducing the information available to attackers and making it harder to hijack data packets.
Message Integrity Check (MIC): WPA includes message integrity checks to detect if any data packets have been intercepted or altered by an intruder. This feature helps prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering.
128-bit encryption key: WPA employs 128-bit encryption, making it much more secure and reliable than WEP’s encryption standards.

The importance of WPA cannot be overstated, as it offers robust security for wireless networks, protecting user privacy and data from unauthorized access. With WPA, users can confidently conduct online transactions, transmit sensitive information, and access personal accounts without the fear of data breaches or attacks. For businesses, WPA is also a critical tool for ensuring network security and protecting corporate secrets.

WPA2

WPA2 is an upgraded version of the WPA protocol, introduced in 2004 to provide more secure wireless network connections. WPA2 implements advanced encryption standards and authentication mechanisms to ensure the security and confidentiality of Wi-Fi networks.

WPA2 utilizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which is more secure and reliable compared to earlier encryption algorithms like WEP and TKIP. The AES algorithm uses 128-bit or 256-bit key lengths, offering a higher level of encryption protection that effectively guards against various attacks on Wi-Fi networks.

WPA2 supports two authentication modes: Personal Mode and Enterprise Mode. In Personal Mode, a pre-shared key (PSK) is commonly used, meaning the Wi-Fi network password is shared between the access point and connected devices. In Enterprise Mode, a more complex authentication process is employed using the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), where each user or device is assigned individual credentials via a dedicated authentication server.

When a device connects to a protected Wi-Fi network, it first undergoes authentication to ensure only authorized users can access the network. Following that, data is encrypted using the AES algorithm, ensuring the security of data during transmission. Additionally, WPA2 uses the Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) to verify data integrity, preventing tampering or corruption of the transmitted data.

WPA3

WPA3 is the latest generation of Wi-Fi security protocols, released by the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2018. As the successor to WPA2, WPA3 is designed to offer stronger security, addressing some vulnerabilities and attack methods found in WPA2, providing more secure Wi-Fi connections for both personal and business users.

Firstly, it offers stronger data encryption. WPA3 employs a personalized data encryption mechanism, generating unique encryption keys for each data transmission. Compared to WPA2, WPA3 uses longer encryption keys, with 192-bit keys in personal mode and 256-bit keys in enterprise mode, significantly enhancing data security and privacy.

Secondly, WPA3 implements the AES encryption algorithm through the Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) protocol. The SAE protocol uses more robust encryption algorithms and a more secure key exchange method, effectively preventing offline attacks and password-guessing attempts, thereby improving network security.

How to Choose the Right Protocol for Your Needs

The main difference between these three Wi-Fi protocols is their encryption length, with each one being progressively stronger. Choosing the appropriate security method for your network depends on your needs for security and compatibility.

For the highest level of security, WPA3 with AES-CCMP or AES-GCMP is recommended. For a high level of security with broader compatibility, WPA2 with AES is a good choice. It’s best to avoid using WEP and open networks, as they do not provide adequate security protection.

FS offers a range of wireless access points, from entry-level to mid-range and next-generation models. As a popular entry-level option, the AP-N505 supports 2×2 MU-MIMO, providing simultaneous services on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, with speeds up to 3000 Mbps. The Airware Cloud-based management platform allows for 24/7 centralized control, reducing costs and operational complexity.

For high-performance environments, the newly launched AP-N755 sets a new standard with Wi-Fi 7 technology. This flagship Wi-Fi 7 indoor access point boasts 16 spatial streams and 6 GHz support, delivering impressive speeds of up to 24.436 Gbps. Its Smart Radio technology ensures uninterrupted service and enhanced security, making it the perfect solution for high-demand applications and future-proof connectivity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, these protocols have evolved to meet the growing demands of data transmission over time. FS is willing to embrace these changes and move forward toward a more promising future in the wireless industry.

Why Stacking Switches? A Guide to Better Network Management

Switches offer multiple connection methods, with the most basic being direct connections, such as linking different devices using optical modules or cables. Another approach is layer-2 architecture, which involves stacking technology. This article will provide a detailed introduction to stacking technology and explain why you should choose stacked switches.

Stacking Technology in Layer 2 Architecture

In the field of networking and computing, “stacking” typically refers to the process of physically connecting multiple network devices so that they operate as a single logical unit. Stacking technology simplifies network management and enhances performance by combining multiple devices into a unified system. Figuratively speaking, stacking is like merging two switches into one to achieve better network management and improved performance.

How Stacking Technology Works

Stacking technology works primarily through the following process: it starts with a physical connection, where multiple devices are linked using dedicated physical interfaces to form a stack unit. Once stacked, these devices function as a single logical unit. Administrators can manage the entire stack as if it were a single device, with the option to designate one device as the master unit, responsible for overseeing and configuring the stack. The remaining devices serve as member units, following the master unit’s commands and configurations.

Additionally, stacking technology typically separates the data plane from the control plane. This means that while the individual devices handle data forwarding through their data planes, configuration and management tasks are centrally managed by the control plane, which is controlled by the master unit.

Stacking technology is widely used in enterprise networks, data centers, and service provider environments. In enterprises, it’s commonly employed to build high-availability, high-performance core or aggregation layer networks. In data centers, stacking enables efficient management and connection of a large number of servers and storage devices. For service providers, stacking technology ensures reliable and high-performance network services to meet customer demands.

Advantages of Stacking Switches

The emergence and widespread use of technology often stems from its unique advantages, and stacking stands out for several key reasons.

First, it simplifies management. Stacking technology allows administrators to manage multiple devices as a single logical unit, essentially treating them as one switch. This streamlines configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting processes.

Second, it enhances reliability. When devices are stacked, the stack unit provides redundant paths and automatic failover mechanisms, improving network reliability and fault tolerance.

Stacking also allows for bandwidth aggregation by combining the capacity of multiple devices, which boosts overall network performance. Furthermore, it reduces the physical footprint—compared to deploying multiple standalone devices, stacking saves rack space and lowers power consumption.

In terms of availability, since multiple switches form a redundant system, even if one switch fails, the others continue operating, ensuring uninterrupted service.

FS Stacking Switches

FS has 48-port stacking switches. Here are the top sellers in Singapore to help you choose.

	S3900-48T6S-R	S3410-48TS-P	S3910-48TS	S5810-48TS-P
Management Layer	L2+	L2+	L2+	L3
Port Design	48x 10/100/1000BASE-T RJ45 \| 6x 10G SFP+	48x 10/100/1000BASE-T RJ45, 2x 1G RJ45/SFP Combo \| 2x 1G/10G SFP+	48x 10/100/1000BASE-T RJ45 \| 4x 1G/10G SFP+	48x 100/1000BASE-T RJ45 \| 4x 1G/10G SFP+
Stacking	Up to 8 Units	Up to 4 Units	Up to 4 Units	Up to 8 Units
PoE Budget	/	740W	/	740W
Power Supply	2 (1+1 Redundant) Built-in	1+1 Hot-swappable	2 (1+1 Redundancy) Hot-swappable	2 (1+1 Redundancy) Hot-swappable
Fan	Dual built-in fans	2 Built-in	1 Built-in	3 (2+1 Redundancy) Built-in

From the four stackable switches mentioned above, we can see that there are two types: PoE and non-PoE. Moreover, they support different port configurations, and the S3410 is unique for its combo support. As a trusted partner in the telecom industry, FS remains committed to delivering valuable products and improved services to our customers.

Conclusion

Stacking technology is a common technique in modern network management. By stacking multiple devices together, it offers advantages such as simplified management, enhanced reliability, and improved performance. Widely used in enterprise networks, data centers, and service provider networks, stacking is a key component in building efficient and reliable networks.

Securing Your Network With Enterprise-Level Firewalls

As the dependence of enterprises on networks continues to increase, network security issues become particularly prominent. Data leakage, unauthorized access, network attacks, and other threats are constantly evolving, and enterprises need a powerful and flexible protection measure to maintain normal operation of business and the security of sensitive information. Enterprise firewalls are the solution that has emerged to play a key role in network security.

Firewalls Working Principle

Enterprise firewalls are firewalls designed to meet the needs of large organizations, handling large volumes of network traffic while providing deeper security checks. It has some functions, such as IDS\IPS/VPN and deep packet inspection, etc. In short, it can safeguard our network security in multiple ways. The following section introduces its working principle, which links inextricably to these functions.

The working principles of enterprise-level firewalls primarily include the following aspects. First, they manage network traffic through access control and security policies. Access Control Lists (ACL) are a common mechanism used to allow or deny data transmission based on factors such as source address, destination address, and port numbers. Security policies define the overall approach to managing network traffic, specifying which activities are allowed or prohibited.

Secondly, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) enable remote users to securely access the enterprise network. This is particularly important for distributed teams and businesses with remote work setups, as it ensures the security of data transmission for remote users.

Additionally, enterprise-level firewalls feature advanced deep packet inspection capabilities. This means that the firewall does more than simply check packet headers; it can analyze the content of data packets in greater depth, allowing for more comprehensive identification and prevention of potential threats. This deep inspection makes the firewall more intelligent and adaptive.

It also logs network traffic and security events, which are critical for auditing, analysis, and identifying potential security threats. By carefully analyzing these logs, businesses can gain better insights into network activities, quickly detect anomalies, and take appropriate actions.

Types of Enterprise Firewalls

Enterprise firewall types can be categorized into the following three main categories, which are hardware, software, and virtual firewalls.

Hardware Firewall

Hardware firewall is a physical device that is placed on the network to control and filter incoming and outgoing network traffic. It acts as a barrier between internal and external networks, monitoring and blocking malicious data while allowing authorized data to pass through. Hardware firewalls offer an added layer of security in comparison to software firewalls by providing dedicated hardware for processing network traffic efficiently and effectively.

They are commonly used in enterprise environments to protect against various threats and cyberattacks, enhancing network security and safeguarding sensitive information.

Software Firewall

This type of firewall is software that can be installed on servers or other network devices. Software firewalls provide the same basic functionality as hardware firewalls, but are typically easier to customize and manage.

Virtual Firewall

From the name, we can infer that this firewall is a software firewall that can run in a virtualized environment, such as cloud computing platforms. Virtual firewalls can offer the same features as hardware and software firewalls, while also providing greater flexibility and scalability.

How to Choose the Right Firewall

After all the firewall basics, how do you choose the right firewall for your organization? Here are a few key factors to consider when selecting the most suitable firewall for your business needs.

First, the firewall must deliver strong performance, handling your network traffic without compromising speed or efficiency, especially when managing high concurrent connections and conducting advanced security checks like deep packet inspection. Additionally, the firewall should offer the necessary security features such as VPN support, IDS/IPS, and web filtering to meet your business’s specific needs. A reliable vendor is also important to ensuring quick response times and access to experienced technical engineers when needed. Finally, the cost of the firewall, including the initial purchase price and ongoing maintenance or upgrade expenses, should be carefully weighed to strike a balance between functionality and affordability.

In short, multiple factors must be considered when choosing the right firewall. There is no single best firewall, only the one that best fits your needs.

FS Next-Generation Firewall

Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW) is a real-time protection device between networks with different trust levels, capable of detecting deep traffic and blocking attacks. NGFW can provide users with effective application-layer integrated security protection, and help users conduct business safely. Compared with traditional firewalls, the significant merit is NGFW can provide higher level protection without additional cost.

There are three types of Next-Generation Firewall provided in FS to make you have an intuitive understanding.

Model	NSG-5220	NSG-3230	NSG-2230
Firewall Throughput	20 Gbps	10 Gbps	5 Gbps
NGFW Throughput	5.5 Gbps	3 Gbps	1.7 Gbps
Threat Protection Throughput	3 Gbps	2 Gbps	800 Mbps
Maximum Concurrent Sessions	3 Million	1.5 Million	300,000
SSL VPN Users (Default/Max)	10,000	6,000	8/128
Recommended Number of Users	500~1000	300~500	1~300

Conclusion

An enterprise firewall is an effective tool for protecting your company’s network. With advanced features like VPN support and intrusion detection, it ensures secure and uninterrupted access to resources. Equip your business with the right firewall for peace of mind. Explore solutions today and keep your network secure.

Three-Tier Architecture: A Powerful Approach to Network Setup

In modern network setups, the three-tier architecture has emerged as a powerful and scalable model, consisting of the access, aggregation, and core layers. This hierarchical design enhances network performance, flexibility, and security. In this article, we will explore the details of the three-tier architecture and its application in network setups.

Features of Three-Tier Architecture

The three-tier architecture is important for organizing network parts. It improves performance and ensures smooth data flow in a network. Then we will provide a detailed introduction to the Three-Tier Architecture.

Access Layer

The access layer, often referred to as Layer 2 (L2), is responsible for connecting end devices to the network. Compared with the aggregation and core layer, access layer switches have low cost and high port density characteristics.

Aggregation Layer

The aggregation layer serves as the convergence point for multiple access switches, forwarding and routing traffic to the core layer. Its primary role is to manage the data flow from the access layer and provide a link to the core layer. This layer may include both Layer 2 and Layer 3 (L3) switches, and it must be capable of handling the combined traffic from all access layer devices.

Core Layer

The core layer is responsible for high-speed data routing and forwarding, acting as the backbone of the network. Engineers built this system for high availability and low latency. It mainly uses L3 switches to ensure fast and reliable data transmission across the network.

Applications with FS Solutions

FS switches offer practical solutions for this architecture by categorizing their devices according to function and layer. For instance, switches with names starting with a number of 3 or lower typically represent L2 or L2+ switches, suitable for the access layer. Meanwhile, switches with names starting with 5 or higher denote L3 devices, ideal for aggregation and core layers.

In the previous section, we discussed the characteristics of three-layer architecture. Based on these features, we can say that L2/L2+ switches work well for connecting end devices. They are good for managing simple networks in small LANs.

On the other hand, L3 switches help with communication between different subnets. They also meet the complex needs of larger networks.

For L2+ enterprise-level switches, the S3410-48TS-P has a built-in Broadcom chip and supports virtual stacking of up to 4 units. With a 740W Power Budget, it can power more devices and even support high-density access to different devices.

The popular L3 switch, the S5810-48TS-P, features a ‘P’ in its name, indicating its power capability to simplify network infrastructure and cabling. Additionally, it has three built-in fans (2+1 redundancy) with left-to-right airflow, ensuring high availability and reliability. Its layered design makes it an excellent choice for aggregation in large campus networks and as the core of small to medium-sized enterprise networks.

With FS switch solution, you can receive personalized solutions and designs tailored to your unique needs. Additionally, FS has a warehouse in Singapore, resulting in faster delivery times and onsite testing to ensure quality. We are always committed to providing high-performance switching products through professional and reliable expertise.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the three-layer architecture, as a traditional deployment model, has its unique advantages and is well-suited for campus network deployments. Based on this architecture, we can select switches from different layers to meet specific needs.

How Do InfiniBand And NVLink Function For Internet Connectivity?

When it comes to network interconnection technologies in the high-performance computing and data center fields, InfiniBand and NVLink are undoubtedly two highly discussed topics. In this article, we will delve into the design principles, performance characteristics, and application circumstances of InfiniBand and NVLink.

Introduction to InfiniBand

InfiniBand (IB) is a high-speed communication network technology designed for connecting computing nodes and storage devices to achieve high-performance data transmission and processing. This channel-based architecture facilitates fast communication between interconnected nodes.

Components of InfiniBand

Subnet

Subnet is the smallest complete unit in the InfiniBand architecture. Each subnet consists of end nodes, switches, links, and a subnet manager. The subnet manager is responsible for managing all devices and resources within the subnet to ensure the network’s proper operation and performance optimization.

Routers and Switches

InfiniBand networks connect multiple subnets through routers and switches, constructing a large network topology. Routers are responsible for data routing and forwarding between different subnets, while switches handle data exchange and forwarding within a subnet.

Main Features

High Bandwidth and Low Latency

InfiniBand provides bidirectional bandwidth of up to hundreds of Gb/s and microsecond-level transmission latency. These characteristics of high bandwidth and low latency enable efficient execution of large-scale data transmission and computational tasks, making it significant in fields such as high-performance computing, data centers, and cloud computing.

Point-to-Point Connection

InfiniBand uses a point-to-point connection architecture, where each node communicates directly with other nodes through dedicated channels, avoiding network congestion and performance bottlenecks. This connection method maximizes data transmission efficiency and supports large-scale parallel computing and data exchange.

Remote Direct Memory Access

InfiniBand supports RDMA technology, allowing data to be transmitted directly between memory spaces without the involvement of the host CPU. This technology can significantly reduce data transmission latency and system load, thereby improving transmission efficiency. It is particularly suitable for large-scale data exchange and distributed computing environments.

Application Scenario

As we have discussed above, Infiniband is significant in HPC and data center fields for its low latency and high bandwidth. Moreover, RDMA enables remote direct memory access. The Point-to-Point Connection allows it to support various complex application scenarios, providing users with efficient and reliable data transmission and computing services. Therefore, InfiniBand is widely used in switches, network cards, and module products. As a partner of NVIDIA, FS offers a variety of high-performance InfiniBand switches and adapters to meet different needs.

InfiniBand Switches

Essential for managing data flow in InfiniBand networks, these switches facilitate high-speed data transmission at the physical layer.

Product	MQM9790-NS2F	MQM9700-NS2F	MQM8790-HS2F	MQM8700-HS2F
Link Speed	400Gb/s	400Gb/s	200Gb/s	200Gb/s
Ports	32	32	40	40
Switching Capacity	51.2Tb/s	51.2Tb/s	16Tb/s	16Tb/s
Subnet Manager	no	yes	no	yes

InfiniBand Adapters

Acting as network interface cards (NICs), InfiniBand adapters allow devices to interface with InfiniBand networks.

Product	MCX653106A-HDAT	MCX653105A-ECAT	MCX75510AAS-NEAT	MCX715105AS-WEAT
ConnectX Type	ConnectX®-6	ConnectX®-6	ConnectX®-7	ConnectX®-7
Ports	Dual	Single	Single	Single
Max Ethernet Data Rate	200 Gb/s	100 Gb/s	400 Gb/s	400 Gb/s
Support InfiniBand Data Rate	SDR/DDR/QDR FDR/EDR/HDR	SDR/DDR/QDR FDR/EDR/HDR100	SDR/FDR/EDR/HDR/NDR/NDR200	NDR/NDR200/HDR/HDR100/EDR/FDR/SDR

Overview of NVLink

NVLink is a high-speed communication protocol developed by NVIDIA, designed to connect GPUs, GPUs to CPUs, and multiple GPUs to each other. It directly connects GPUs through dedicated high-speed channels, enabling more efficient data sharing and communication between GPUs.

Main Features

High Bandwidth

NVLink provides higher bandwidth than traditional PCIe buses, enabling faster data transfer. This allows for quicker data and parameter transmission during large-scale parallel computing and deep learning tasks in multi-GPU systems.

Low Latency

NVLink features low transmission latency, meaning faster communication between GPUs and quicker response to computing tasks’ demands. Low latency is crucial for applications that require high computation speed and quick response times.

Memory Sharing

NVLink allows multiple GPUs to directly share memory without exchanging data through the host memory. This memory-sharing mechanism significantly reduces the complexity and latency of data transfer, improving the system’s overall efficiency.

Flexibility

NVLink supports flexible topologies, allowing the configuration of GPU connections based on system requirements. This enables targeted optimization of system performance and throughput for different application scenarios.

Application Scenario

NVLink, as a high-speed communication protocol, opens up new possibilities for direct communication between GPUs. Its high bandwidth, low latency, and memory-sharing features enable faster and more efficient data transfer and processing in large-scale parallel computing and deep learning applications. Now, NVLink-based chips and servers are also available.

The NVSwitch chip is a physical chip similar to a switch ASIC. It connects multiple GPUs through high-speed NVLink interfaces to improve communication and bandwidth within servers. The third generation of NVIDIA NVSwitch has been introduced, allowing each pair of GPUs to interconnect at an astonishing speed of 900GB/s.

NVLink servers use NVLink and NVSwitch technology to connect GPUs. They are commonly found in NVIDIA’s DGX series servers and OEM HGX servers with similar architectures. These servers leverage NVLink technology to offer superior GPU interconnectivity, scalability, and HPC capabilities.

Comparison between NVLink and InfiniBand

NVLink and InfiniBand are two interconnect technologies widely used in high-performance computing and data centers, each with significant differences in design and application.

NVLink provides higher data transfer speeds and lower latency, particularly for direct GPU communication, making it ideal for compute-intensive and deep learning tasks. However, it often requires a higher investment due to its association with NVIDIA GPUs.

InfiniBand, on the other hand, offers high bandwidth and low latency with excellent scalability, making it suitable for large-scale clusters. It provides more pricing options and configuration flexibility, making it cost-effective for various scales and budgets. InfiniBand is extensively used in scientific research and supercomputing, where its support for complex simulations and data-intensive tasks is crucial.

In many data centers and supercomputing systems, a hybrid approach is adopted, using NVLink to connect GPU nodes for enhanced performance and InfiniBand to link server nodes and storage devices, ensuring efficient system operation. This combination leverages the strengths of both technologies, delivering a high-performance, reliable network solution.

Summary

To summarize, we explore two prominent network interconnection technologies in high-performance computing and data centers: InfiniBand and NVLink. The article also compares these technologies, highlighting their distinct advantages and applications. After gaining a general understanding of InfiniBand and NVLink, we find that these two technologies are often used together in practice to achieve better network connectivity.

Which Is The Best Fit Network Protocol For Data Center?

Network protocols are a set of rules that govern how data is exchanged over a network. When it comes to RDMA, there are three main types: RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE), InfiniBand, and Internet Wide Area RDMA Protocol (iWARP). This article will compare these three protocols, exploring what they are and which one is best suited for data centers.

What is RDMA?

Before delving into the details of the three RDMA protocols, let’s first take a look at what RDMA is and how it came about.

With the rapid advancement of technologies such as high-performance computing, big data analytics, and centralized and distributed storage solutions, there is an increasing demand in network environments for faster and more efficient data retrieval.

Traditional TCP/IP architectures and applications often encounter significant delays during network transmission and data processing. They also face challenges such as multiple data copies, interrupt handling, and the complexity of TCP/IP protocol management.

RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) was developed to address issues associated with server-side data processing during network transfers. It enables direct memory access between hosts or servers, bypassing the CPU. This capability allows the CPU to focus on running applications and managing large volumes of data, while network interface cards (NICs) handle data encapsulation, transmission, reception, and decapsulation.

traditional-vs-rdma

Overview of Three RDMA Protocols

Currently, there are roughly three types of RDMA networks: InfiniBand, RoCE, and iWARP. Among these, InfiniBand is a network designed specifically for RDMA, ensuring reliable transmission at the hardware level. RoCE and iWARP, on the other hand, are RDMA technologies based on Ethernet, supporting corresponding verbs interfaces.

InfiniBand

InfiniBand excels with high throughput and minimal latency, ideal for interconnecting computers, servers, and storage systems. Unlike Ethernet-based RDMA protocols, InfiniBand relies on specialized adapters and switches, ensuring superior performance but at a higher cost due to dedicated hardware requirements.

RoCE

RoCE, or RDMA over Converged Ethernet, meets modern network demands with efficient, scalable solutions. It integrates RDMA capabilities directly into Ethernet networks, offering two versions: RoCEv1 for Layer 2 deployments and RoCEv2, which enhances performance with UDP/IP integration for Layer 3 flexibility and compatibility.

iWARP

iWARP enables RDMA over TCP/IP, suited for large-scale networks but requiring more memory resources than RoCE. Its connection-oriented approach supports reliable data transfer, but it may impose higher system specifications compared to InfiniBand and RoCE solutions.

Comparison Between Three RDMA Protocols

Network Comparison	InfiniBand	RoCE	iWARP
Performance	Best	Equal to IB	Mediocre
Cost	Costly	Affordable	Cost-effective
Stability	Stable	Fairly Stable	Unstable
Switch	InfiniBand Switch	Ethernet Switch	Ethernet Switch
Ecosystem	Closed	Open	Open
RDMA Adaptability	Naturally Compatible	Additionally developed based on Ethernet	Additionally developed based on Ethernet

From the table above, we can clearly see the differences among the three protocols and discern their strengths and weaknesses.

Today, data centers demand maximum bandwidth and minimal latency from their underlying interconnections. In this scenario, traditional TCP/IP network protocols fail to meet data center requirements due to increased CPU processing overhead and high latency, hence iWARP is now less commonly used.

For enterprises deciding between RoCE and InfiniBand, they should consider their specific requirements and costs. Those prioritizing the highest network performance may find InfiniBand preferable. Meanwhile, organizations seeking optimal performance, ease of management, and controlled costs should opt for RoCE in their data centers.

FS InfiniBand and RoCE Solutions

Protocol	Type	Product
InfiniBand	Switches	NVIDIA® InfiniBand Switches
	NICs	NVIDIA® InfiniBand Adapters
	Optical Modules	800G NDR InfiniBand
		400G NDR InfiniBand
		200G HDR InfiniBand
		100G EDR InfiniBand
		56/40G FDR InfiniBand
RoCE	Switches	NVIDIA® Ethernet Switches
	NICs	NVIDIA® Ethernet Adapters
	Optical Modules	Ethernet Transceiver

FS offers a range of products supporting both InfiniBand and RoCE protocols, providing customized solutions for various applications and user needs. These solutions optimize performance, offering high bandwidth, low latency, and seamless data transmission. Join us if you wanna optimize your network performance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, these three protocols have evolved to meet the increasing demands of data transmission over time. Enterprises can choose the protocol that best suits their needs. In this data-driven era, FS, along with other players in the ICT industry, looks forward to the emergence of new technological protocols in the future.

1.6T Ethernet: The Promising Successor Of 800G

As the digital landscape continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, the demand for faster and more efficient data transmission has become more critical than ever. In this context, the emergence of 800G and the upcoming 1.6T Ethernet represent significant technological milestones. In this article, we will explore the technological innovations leading to 1.6T Ethernet, and discuss the current state of Ethernet deployment.

Overview of 1.6T Ethernet Network

1.6T Ethernet, operating under the 1000BASE-T standard, achieves a transmission rate of 1.6 Tbps, representing a significant leap in data transmission speed and bandwidth compared to traditional Ethernet.

The implementation of 1.6T Ethernet relies on advanced technologies such as signal modulation, serial-to-parallel conversion, and multiplexing.

In terms of signal modulation, 1.6T Ethernet employs more sophisticated techniques to enhance signal transmission efficiency and stability. For serial-to-parallel conversion, it converts serial data into parallel data to reduce transmission time. Furthermore, by using more efficient multiplexing technologies, 1.6T Ethernet achieves higher data transfer rates.

Architecture of 1.6T Ethernet

The 1.6T Ethernet system comprises four key components, as illustrated in the diagram below.

At the very left layer, we have Network Applications. These applications can be installed on client machines or on computers and file servers. They serve as both the source and destination of all Ethernet traffic.

Next are the Queues. Each application or instance connects to the Ethernet controller through one or more queues. These queues buffer traffic between the applications, balancing network performance between clients and servers. Matching network speed to the rate of data generation or consumption helps minimize end-to-end latency during packet exchanges.

The next components are the Controller, PHY, and Cabling. The Ethernet controller typically consists of a MAC and a PCS, often referred to as the “Ethernet MAC.” The Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) plays a vital role in modern Ethernet with enhanced speeds. Further down in this figure, this component functions to control and manage the physical network elements, such as fiber optics, copper cables, or backplanes.

Together, these components form the robust architecture of 1.6T Ethernet, enabling high-speed, efficient, and reliable data transmission.

Advantages of 1.6T Ethernet

High Bandwidth: With a transmission rate and bandwidth of up to 1.6 Tbps, 1.6T Ethernet is 16 times faster than traditional 1G Ethernet. This substantial increase makes it well-suited to meet the demands of applications such as big data, cloud computing, and video transmission.
Low Latency: Thanks to efficient signal processing technologies and optimized algorithms, 1.6T Ethernet features low latency, providing superior real-time performance.
Good Compatibility: 1.6T Ethernet is compatible with traditional Ethernet protocols, allowing seamless integration with existing network equipment and systems. This compatibility helps reduce the cost and complexity of network upgrades.
High Flexibility: 1.6T Ethernet supports various fiber transmission distances, adapting to different network topologies. It can be flexibly configured according to actual needs.

Applications of 1.6T Ethernet

With the rapid development of technologies like cloud computing and big data, the demand for network bandwidth is growing exponentially. Against this backdrop, 1.6T Ethernet, with its high bandwidth, low latency, and excellent compatibility, is poised to play a critical role in several areas:

Data Centers: In data center applications, 1.6T Ethernet can provide higher data transmission rates and bandwidth, meeting the demands of large-scale data processing and high concurrent access.
Cloud Computing: Cloud service providers can leverage 1.6T Ethernet to enhance the performance and availability of cloud services, offering users better service quality.
Video Transmission: The demand for network bandwidth is rapidly increasing with the development of high-definition video and virtual reality technologies. 1.6T Ethernet can support high-quality video transmission, fulfilling the needs of various multimedia applications.
Industrial IoT: In the field of industrial IoT, 1.6T Ethernet can support real-time transmission and processing of large-scale sensor data, promoting the development of industrial automation.
Remote Healthcare and Education: By utilizing the high bandwidth and low latency advantages of 1.6T Ethernet, more efficient and stable remote healthcare and education services can be provided.

Current State of Ethernet Deployment

The emergence of 800G and 1.6T Ethernet is a significant technological innovation. These advancements will enable us to handle larger data loads and meet higher performance requirements. However, the current situation is that 400G is being deployed on a large scale, and there is still a long way to go to achieve 800G data rates, while the optimal path to 1.6T remains uncertain.

FS 800G Ethernet Modules

From the current state of ethernet deployment, we know that the mainstream is 400G and 800G, or even 1.6T are relatively small realization. FS provides cutting-edge 800G ethernet modules, which paving the stable way for the next generation of Ethernet technology.

FS 800G Ethernet modules now support top brands such as Cisco, Arista, Juniper, NVIDIA and H3C. Tailored to meet diverse customer needs, they offer 100% original equipment compatibility and same-day shipping from Singapore for fast delivery.

The hot sale OSFP-800G-2FR4 transceiver, featuring a built-in Broadcom 7nm DSP chip, offers high-speed and low-power performance for 800G links. It comes with a dual LC duplex/UPC connector and consumes ≤16.5W of power. Additionally, it provides a 5-year warranty, ensuring reliable service.

Summary

To summarize, these advancements are poised to revolutionize data handling and processing, allowing for larger data loads and meeting ever-increasing performance demands. With cutting-edge technology and exceptional performance, FS is your trusted partner for next-generation networking solutions. Enhance your network with FS and lead the way in the digital era.

All You Need To Know About The Emerging Star Of Optical Chip

As the demand for higher speed and bandwidth increases, optical modules, which are essential for optical-electrical conversion, have experienced explosive growth. Consequently, optical chips, a crucial component of these modules, have also come into the spotlight.

What is an Optical Chip？

An optical chip, also known as a photonic chip, is an integrated circuit that uses light waves for information transmission and data processing. Typically made from compound semiconductor materials such as InP and GaAs, it achieves optical-electrical signal conversion through the generation and absorption of photons during internal energy level transitions.

These chips rely on dielectric waveguides in integrated optics or silicon photonics to transmit guided light signals. They integrate the modulation, transmission, and demodulation of optical and electrical signals on a single substrate or chip. Compared to traditional electronic chips, photonic chips use light instead of electrical currents to transmit data. This results in high density, high speed, and low power consumption.

In short, optical chips are fundamental components for converting optical signals to electrical signals. Their performance determines the transmission efficiency of optical communication systems.

Development Status of Optical Chip

The development of optical chips dates back to 1969 when Bell Labs in the United States proposed the concept of integrated optics. However, due to technological and commercial challenges, significant progress didn’t occur until the early 21st century. At that time, companies like Intel and IBM, along with academic institutions, began focusing on silicon chip optical signal transmission technology. Their aim was to replace data circuits between chips with optical pathways.

Today, pure photonic devices can function as independent modules. However, they still face limitations. Controlling optical switches is challenging, and these devices can’t act as storage units like electronic devices. As a result, pure photonic devices cannot fully handle information processing on their own and still need electronic devices. Therefore, a purely “photonic chip” is still a concept and not yet a practical system. The current “photonic chips” are actually optoelectronic hybrid chips that integrate photonic devices or functions. They still struggle with integrating high-density light sources and low-loss, high-speed electro-optic modulators.

Despite being in the early stages, photonic integrated circuits are set to become the mainstream in optical device development. The future of photonic chips will involve integration with mature electronic chip technology. Using advanced manufacturing processes and modular techniques from electronic chips, silicon photonics, which combines the strengths of both photonics and electronics, will lead the way forward.

From a market perspective, the United States was the first country to start and excel in the field of silicon photonics. Early on, associations were established to guide capital and various forces into the optoelectronics field. Singapore’s IME is also one of the early platforms for silicon photonics processes, contributing significantly to the industry’s development.

Currently, the global optical chip industry chain has gradually matured, with representative companies involved in every stage from basic research to manufacturing processes and commercial applications. Companies like Intel, Cisco, and NVIDIA dominate the shipment volumes of silicon optical chips and modules, becoming leaders in the industry.

Applications of Optical Chip

High-speed data processing and transmission are the pillars of modern computing systems. Optical chips provide a crucial platform for integrating information transmission and computation, significantly reducing the cost, complexity, and power consumption of connections. As optical chip technology evolves, large cloud computing providers and enterprise customers are transitioning from lower-speed to higher-speed modules. Consequently, optical chips are increasingly being used in high-performance computing and data centers. They are also becoming more prevalent in the telecommunications market.

High-performance computing

In high-performance computing, optical chips offer high speed and low energy consumption, greatly enhancing computing efficiency and processing speed. This is particularly important for handling large, complex algorithms and models, which are vital in fields such as scientific research, climate modeling, and biotechnology.

Data center

Data centers are the backbone for data and data processing. The construction of data centers provides the necessary equipment support for large-scale data storage, exchange, and application needs. The larger the data flow, the more complex the data processing methods, making data centers increasingly important. Currently, the global solution to handling data flow is the construction of large-scale data centers. Therefore, the global construction of these large-scale data centers will be a significant driving force for the optical module market, thereby driving the demand for optical chips.

Telecommunications

Currently, countries around the world are striving to meet the demands of 5G networks. Compared to 4G, 5G uses higher frequencies, which significantly weakens its coverage capability. As a result, the number of base stations required to cover the same area with 5G will undoubtedly exceed that of 4G. The communication services in the 5G era have also created a huge demand for optical chips and optical modules.

Future Trends in Optical Chip

As the internet industry develops, the demand for optical modules is gradually trending towards miniaturization and high performance. The future technological direction of optical chips can be embodied in silicon photonics technology.

Silicon photonics technology is a new generation of technology that develops and integrates optical devices on silicon and silicon-based substrates using CMOS processes. Its core concept is to use laser beams instead of electronic signals for data transmission.

Silicon photonic modules and regular optical modules use different chips, leading to various differences in their product parameters, even at the same speed and in the same scenario.

	QDD-400G-DR4-S	QDD-400G-DR4-S SiPh-Based
Center Wavelength	1310nm	1310nm
Connector	MTP/MPO-8MTP/MPO-12(8 of the 12 Fibers Used)	MTP/MPO-8MTP/MPO-12(8 of the 12 Fibers Used)
Modulation	8x 50G PAM4	8x 50G PAM4
DSP	Inphi 7nm DSP	Broadcom 7nm DSP
Transmitter Type	EML	DFB
Packaging Technology	COB	COB
Protocols	IEEE 802.3bs, QSFP-DD CMIS Rev 4.0, QSFP-DD MSA HW Rev 5.1	IEEE 802.3bs, QSFP-DD MSA, CMIS 4.1
Application	Data Center800G to 2x400G Breakout400G to 4x100G Breakout	Data Center800G to 2x400G Breakout400G to 4x100G Breakout

Since regular optical module technology is more mature and requires lower deployment environment standards, silicon photonic modules will be challenging to scale up in the market in the short term.

Nonetheless, with the further expansion of 5G network construction and the growing demand for data transmission, the silicon photonic module industry is expected to enter a rapid development phase.

Summary

To summarize, optical chips have become a focal point in the industry and one of the most lucrative areas for venture capital. Exploring new technologies has become a key task in the semiconductor field. The application of optical chips will significantly impact the performance of optical modules and has the potential to reshape the existing optical module industry chain.

A Comprehensive Guide to Optical Module Form Factors

As the demand for high-performance computing grows, optical modules are evolving to meet these needs. But why choose different optical modules, and how do they function in various situations? This article will delve into the different form factors to help you understand optical modules and explore their close correlation with the number of SerDes channels.

Progression from Fundamental SFP to Advanced OSFP

Optical module consists of optoelectronic devices, functional circuits and optical interfaces, etc. The optoelectronic devices include the transmitter and receiver parts, whose role is to convert the electrical signals into optical signals at the transmitter side, and then convert the optical signals into electrical signals at the receiver side after being transmitted through optical fibers. The form factor of an optical module determines its size and is the primary way to differentiate between optical modules. According to their evolution, optical modules can be mainly divided into nine types, which we will introduce in the following paragraphs.

The Foundation: Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP)

SFP, or Small Form-factor Pluggable, is a compact, lightweight version of the GBIC module, designed to support gigabit rates. As the successor to GBIC, SFP has become the foundational form factor for modern optical modules.

One of the most significant advantages of SFP over GBIC is its reduced size. The SFP module is half the size of a GBIC module, allowing for more than double the number of ports to be configured on the same panel. This space efficiency is crucial for high-density networking environments.

SFP modules support a maximum bandwidth of up to 4Gbps and are typically equipped with a single gigabit SerDes (Serializer/Deserializer) channel. This capability makes SFP a versatile and widely used option for various networking applications.

Transition to Higher Speeds: SFP+ and SFP28

SFP+, as we can infer from its abbreviation, is a plus version of the SFP module. Its official name is Enhanced Small Form-factor Pluggable. SFP+ is specifically designed for 10Gbps Ethernet, featuring several technical advancements and compatibility with higher speed standards.

Unlike SFP, which typically supports up to 4Gbps, SFP+ can handle data rates up to 10Gbps, making it a crucial component in modern high-speed networking environments. In addition to the significant increase in data transmission rates, SFP+ retains the compact size and hot-swappable functionality of SFP, allowing for seamless upgrades and maintenance without network downtime. SFP+ modules typically support a single 10Gbps SerDes channel, further enhancing their suitability for high-performance computing and data center applications.

SFP28, short for Small Form-factor Pluggable 28, is an advanced version of the SFP+ module. Although it shares the same size as SFP+, SFP28 supports optical modules with a data rate of 25Gbps. Specifically designed for 25Gbps Ethernet, SFP28 is equipped with a single 28G SerDes channel. SFP28 is essential in modern high-speed networks due to its ability to handle higher data rates while maintaining the compact size and form factor of its predecessors. This compatibility with existing SFP+ slots allows for easy upgrades and integration into current network infrastructures without the need for significant hardware changes.

The introduction of SFP28 addresses the increasing demand for higher bandwidth in data centers, enterprise networks, and other HPC environments. By providing a cost-effective and scalable solution for 25Gbps Ethernet, SFP28 plays a crucial role in the evolution of network technology, ensuring that networks can meet the growing data transmission requirements of today and tomorrow.

Quad Channel Modules: QSFP+ and QSFP28

QSFP+ and QSFP28 are both quad-channel SFP interfaces. Compared to SFP+ optical modules, they are larger in size. The difference between them is that QSFP+ supports 40G, while QSFP28 supports 100G. Specifically, QSFP+ introduces four independent SerDes channels, each supporting 10Gbps, resulting in a total rate of 40Gbps. On the other hand, QSFP28 continues the quad-channel design but increases the rate of each channel to 25Gbps, thereby boosting the total rate to 100Gbps.

Further Enhancements: QSFP56 and QSFP112

QSFP56 and QSFP112 represent advancements in technology with each channel supporting 50Gbps and 100Gbps respectively. QSFP56 offers a total data rate of 200Gbps, while QSFP112 reaches 400Gbps. Both of these modules rely on the same four-channel SerDes technology. However, the significant difference lies in the increased per-channel data rates, allowing for higher overall bandwidth without changing the number of channels. This evolution highlights the ongoing enhancements in optical modules to meet the growing demands for higher data transmission rates in modern high-speed networks.

Exploring Future with QSFP-DD and OSFP

QSFP-DD, or Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable-Double Density, indicates its “Double Density” nature right from its name. This advanced module supports data rates of 200G, 400G, and even up to 800G. With double density achieved through eight channels, QSFP-DD is designed for 400Gbps and beyond. These improvements make it a versatile choice for high-speed networking needs, offering design enhancements that cater to increased bandwidth requirements and various use cases.

On the other hand, OSFP, which stands for Octal Small Form-factor Pluggable, features an octal design, representing eight channels. Slightly larger than QSFP-DD, OSFP modules support 400G, 800G, and up to 1600G data rates. This design not only accommodates higher speeds but also includes considerations for effective thermal management and signal integrity, making OSFP a forward-looking solution for the next generation of high-performance networks.

FS provides newly module catagory of 800G QSFP-DD/OSFP, which paves the way for advancements in optical module technology, addressing the ever-growing demand for higher data rates and efficient performance in modern data centers and network infrastructures.

The Role of SerDes Technology

SerDes, short for Serializer Deserializer, is an electronic circuit commonly used in high-speed communication applications. It converts parallel data into serial data for transmission and then back into parallel data at the receiving end.

From the above introduction, it is evident that the speed and number of SerDes channels are directly related to the speed of optical modules. Simply put, increasing the number of channels or enhancing the speed of individual channels are the two main strategies to boost the total transmission rate of optical modules.

As technology advances, optical modules have evolved from single-channel to multi-channel designs, and SerDes speeds have progressed from 10Gbps to 112Gbps and beyond. Consequently, optical module speeds have upgraded from 1G, 10G, 25G, 40G, 100G, 200G, 400G, to 800G.

The development of SerDes technology not only determines the data transmission rate of networks but also affects the size, power consumption, and cost of optical modules.

Summary

In summary, the evolution of optical module form factors shows trends toward smaller sizes, higher speeds, lower costs, reduced power consumption, long-distance transmission, and hot-swappable capabilities. Increasing the number of channels or the speed of individual channels are the main strategies for boosting optical module speeds. In today’s rapidly advancing information age, the future of optical modules is promising, with ongoing innovations expected to empower high-performance computing and drive further technological progress.

Exploring the Path of Optical Module Technology

In the rapidly evolving field of optical module communication, some urgent demands have surfaced due to the exponential growth of data traffic and the ever-increasing need for faster and more reliable internet services. Optical modules are crucial components in data transmission, converting electrical signals into optical signals for transmission over fiber optic cables. As the backbone of modern communication networks, they play a vital role in data centers, telecommunications, and various high-speed internet services. In this article, we will focus on the latest advancements in optical module technology that address key challenges in current networks.

Why Upgrading Optical Module Technology is Necessary？

Demand for Higher Bandwidth: The rapid growth of data centers has created a strong demand for optical modules with higher bandwidth, lower power consumption, and smaller sizes. Current optical modules can face bandwidth bottlenecks when transmitting large amounts of data, making it difficult to meet the increasing business demands.
Signal Transmission Quality: Long-distance transmissions are often plagued by signal attenuation and distortion, affecting the stability and reliability of communications. High manufacturing and maintenance costs of traditional optical modules also pose a considerable barrier, limiting their broader application.
Cost Concerns: Cost is also a significant pain point. The manufacturing and maintenance costs of traditional optical modules are high, limiting their wider application.

To address these issues, several advanced technologies have emerged.

Silicon Photonics Technology

Silicon photonics technology uses silicon to integrate optical components with electronic circuits, creating compact, cost-effective, and high-performance optical devices. This technology is particularly important for High-Performance Computing (HPC), which processes vast amounts of data and performs complex computations. HPC systems rely on parallel computing and efficient algorithms to enhance performance. Silicon photonics provides faster and more efficient optical interconnects within these systems, improving data transmission speeds and reducing latency. By integrating silicon photonics, HPC systems can handle larger datasets and execute more complex calculations with greater efficiency.

Coherent Technology

Coherent technology is an advanced optical communication method that leverages the phase information of light to transmit data. Unlike traditional intensity modulation methods, coherent technology utilizes both the amplitude and phase of light for modulation, significantly enhancing data transmission rates and efficiency. This technology relies on complex signal processing algorithms and high-precision optical components to achieve superior spectral efficiency and noise resistance. Coherent technology addresses challenges of larger datasets by mitigating signal attenuation and distortion, ensuring consistent signal quality and stability.

In the realm of coherent technology, Digital Coherent Optics (DCO) and Analog Coherent Optics (ACO) represent two distinct approaches to implementing coherent optical communication. Next, we’ll help you get in touch with DCO and ACO as well as related high speed coherent modules.

DCO

DCO is a coherent optical communication technology where a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is directly integrated into the optical module to enable digital processing of optical signals. FS offers OSFP 800G SR8 features a built-in Broadcom 7nm DSP chip, which provides excellent performance and flexibility. With real-time signal monitoring and adjustment via DSP, DCO systems can dynamically detect and correct changes and interferences in light waves, enhancing system stability and reliability.

Integration Approach for DCO Modules

DCO modules communicate digitally with host systems, reducing module size and facilitating compatibility across various networking equipment. For example, the DCO 400G DWDM module provides 400Gb/s of optical bandwidth over a single optical wavelength using coherent Dual Polarization 16QAM modulation. It is intended to be used with a host platform to support 400G transmission over optical links.

ACO

ACO, on the other hand, employs analog signal processing techniques for coherent modulation and demodulation. ACO modules typically communicate with host systems using analog signals. In long-distance optical communication, the high spectral efficiency of ACO allows it to transmit more data, thus meeting the requirements of long-distance communication.

Integration Approach for ACO Modules

Differences between DCO and ACO

Integration Method: DCO coherent modules directly integrate the DSP chip into the optical device, enabling digital communication between the module and the host system. This integration method facilitates communication among heterogeneous switch/router vendors and reduces the size of the module. Unlike DCO, ACO modules opt for analog communication between the module and the host system. This means that in ACO, analog signals are used for communication between the module and the host system.
Signal Processing: DCO utilizes DSP for coherent modulation and demodulation. This allows it to encode digital signals into light waves and enables real-time signal monitoring and adjustment, enhancing system stability and reliability. In contrast, ACO modules employ analog techniques, naturally interacting with continuous signals and aligning better with the properties of light waves.

In conclusion, DCO and ACO technologies use different integration and signal processing methods in coherent modules, making them suitable for various communication environments and applications. Based on digital signal processing, DCO emphasizes flexibility and dynamic adjustment in the digital domain. While ACO employs analog signal processing, interacting more naturally with continuous signals, making it suitable for specific scenarios requiring analog communication.

LPO

LPO (Linear drive pluggable optics) refers to optical modules that utilize linear direct drive technology, eliminating traditional DSP and CDR chips. In these optical modules, only high-linearity Driver and TIA components are retained, with integrated CTLE (Continuous Time Linear Equalization) and EQ (Equalization) functionalities. This approach achieves advantages in reducing power consumption and latency within systems. It discards the traditional DSP or CDR, achieving superior power consumption and cost control while significantly reducing latency, bringing revolutionary changes to the field of optical communications.

LRO

The Linear Receive Optics, also known as “HALO” (Half-retimed Linear Optics), architecture has been optimized. In LRO transceivers or Active Optical Cables (AOCs), a DSP is placed only on the transmission path from electrical input to optical output for signal retiming and equalization, while the receiver side is designed linearly.

This approach significantly reduces overall power consumption while maintaining interoperability and standards compliance. Overall, LRO is defined as a transitional technology between DSP and LPO optical modules.

CPO

CPO (Co-Packaged Optics) refers to the co-packaging of switch ASIC chips and silicon photonics engines on the same high-speed motherboard, thereby reducing signal attenuation, lowering system power consumption, reducing costs, and achieving high integration. For information, please check this article.

Summary

Thanks to the above technologies, optic modules achieve higher bandwidth, lower power consumption, and cost efficiency. SiP technology boosts optical module performance and lowers costs through high integration and affordability. Coherent technology ensures reliable, high-speed transmission over long distances. LPO modules reduce power consumption and costs, while LRO enhances signal stability. CPO tightly integrates optics and electronics, enhancing overall performance. Looking ahead, innovations in these technologies are poised to revolutionize HPC networking, supporting ever-increasing data needs and paving the way for future advancements in computing and communication.